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Bactrim DS (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim)

Indications:

• Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Effective against various bacterial infections in the urinary system.
• Bronchitis: Used to treat chronic bronchitis caused by susceptible bacteria.
• Traveler’s Diarrhea: Helps in managing diarrhea caused by certain bacterial infections.
• Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP): Prevents and treats pneumonia caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, especially in immunocompromised patients.
• Ear Infections (Otitis Media): Treats middle ear infections in children caused by susceptible bacteria.
• Shigellosis: Used for infections caused by Shigella bacteria.

Dosage and Administration:

• Take the medication exactly as prescribed by your doctor.
• Swallow the tablet whole with a full glass of water.
• Take the medication at evenly spaced intervals for the best effect.
• Complete the full course of the medication even if you feel better.
• Do not skip doses or stop taking the medication early, as this can lead to resistance.
• Avoid taking with alcohol, as it can increase the risk of side effects.
• Do not take Bactrim DS if you are allergic to sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, or any other ingredients in the tablet.
• Avoid exposure to sunlight or tanning beds, as Bactrim DS can make you more prone to sunburn.

Mechanism of Action:

Bactrim DS contains two antibiotics: sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. These antibiotics work together to inhibit the production of folic acid in bacteria. Folic acid is essential for bacterial growth and replication, so by blocking its synthesis, Bactrim DS effectively stops the bacteria from multiplying and spreading, ultimately killing them.

Contraindications:

• Allergy to Sulfamethoxazole or Trimethoprim: Do not use if you have had a previous allergic reaction to these drugs.
• Severe Liver or Kidney Disease: Not recommended for patients with significant liver or kidney impairment.
• Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Avoid use during pregnancy and breastfeeding unless advised by a doctor.
• Megaloblastic Anemia: Not suitable for patients with anemia caused by folate deficiency.
• Infants under 2 months: Should not be given to very young infants.

Side Effects:

Common Side Effects:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Rash
• Headache

Serious Side Effects:

• Severe skin reactions (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome)
• Severe diarrhea (potentially indicating Clostridium difficile infection)
• Liver damage
• Blood disorders (e.g., thrombocytopenia, leukopenia)
• Allergic reactions (e.g., swelling, difficulty breathing)

Precautions

• Kidney Function: Monitor kidney function regularly, especially in elderly patients.
• Liver Function: Regular liver function tests are recommended during prolonged therapy.
• Electrolyte Imbalance: Monitor potassium levels, as Bactrim DS can cause hyperkalemia.
• Photosensitivity: Use sunscreen and wear protective clothing when exposed to sunlight.
• Hydration: Ensure adequate fluid intake to prevent kidney stones.
• Diabetic Patients: Monitor blood sugar levels closely, as Bactrim DS can affect blood glucose control.

Storage Instructions:

• Store at room temperature between 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F).
• Keep away from light and moisture.
• Do not store it in the bathroom.
• Keep out of reach of children.
• Ensure the bottle is tightly closed when not in use.

References

https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/017377s068s073lbl.pdf